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Reggae is a Jamaican musical style based on American soul music but with inverted rhythms and prominent bass lines. Rooted in Kingston's slums, reggae is the expression of Jamaica's poorest blacks. Many performers are rastafarians. The themes of reggae lyrics include Rastafarianism, political protest, and the "rudie" (hooligan hero). Bob Marley (1945-81) and his group, the Wailers, were largely responsible for the widespread popularity of reggae. The film The Harder They Come (1973) starring Jimmy Cliff brought the style to the United States. Reggae influenced a generation of white musicians - notably Paul Simon and Eric Clapton - and reggae modes can often be detected in 1980s and 1990s rock and rap music. After the death of Bob Marley, the style lost much of its energy, with the exception of a few bands such as Black Uhuru and Steel Pulse, and singer Linton Kwesi Johnson, a Jamaican poet living in England. The merging of rap and reggae into a style called dub or toasting, as well as the appearance of younger performers such as Ziggy Marley (Bob's son), revitalized reggae in the late 1980s and 1990s.